第一章 緒言 ............................................................................................... 1
除草劑應用發展的重要性 ................................................................................................... 1
科技文明越進步的國家用得越多 ........................................................................................ 1
重要雜草類別 ..................................................................................................................... 2
1. 禾草類(grass weeds) .................................................................................................................. 2
2. 闊葉類雜草(broad-leaf weeds) ................................................................................................. 3
2.1 雙子葉植物(Dicotyledons) ........................................................................................... 3
菊目(Asterales) ....................................................................................................................... 3
菊科(Asteraceae) ................................................................................................................................ 3
桔梗科(Campanulaceae) .................................................................................................................... 3
石竹目(Caryophyllales) ........................................................................................................... 4
莧科(Amaranthaceae) ........................................................................................................................ 4
馬齒莧科(Portulacaceae) ................................................................................................................... 4
蓼科(Polygonaceae) ........................................................................................................................... 4
番杏科(Aizoaceae) ............................................................................................................................. 5
石竹科(Caryophyllaceae) .................................................................................................................. 5
茄目(Solanales) ...................................................................................................................... 5
茄科(Solanaceae) ............................................................................................................................... 5
旋花科(Convolvulaceae).................................................................................................................... 5
密穗桔梗科(Sphenocleaceae) ............................................................................................................ 5
龍膽目(Gentianales) ............................................................................................................... 5
茜草科(Rubiaceae) ............................................................................................................................. 5
金虎尾目(Malpighiales) ........................................................................................................... 5
大戟科(Euphorbiaceae) ...................................................................................................................... 5
溝繁縷科(Elatinaceae) ....................................................................................................................... 5
豆目(Fabales) ......................................................................................................................... 6
豆科(Fabaceae) .................................................................................................................................. 6
桃金孃目(Myrtales) ................................................................................................................. 6
柳葉菜科(Onagraceae) ...................................................................................................................... 6
千屈菜科(Lythraceae) ........................................................................................................................ 6
薔薇目(Rosales) ..................................................................................................................... 6
桑科(Moraceae).................................................................................................................................. 6
薔薇科(Rosaceae) .............................................................................................................................. 6
蕁麻科(Urticaceae) ............................................................................................................................ 6
唇形目（Lamiales，原玄參目Scrophulariales 已併入本目） ................................................. 6
玄參科(Scrophulariaceae) .................................................................................................................. 6
列當科(Orobanchaceae) ..................................................................................................................... 7
車前草科(Plantaginaceae) ................................................................................................................. 7
爵床科(Acanthaceae) ......................................................................................................................... 7
繖形目(Apiales) ....................................................................................................................... 7
繖形科(Apiaceae/ Umbelliferae) ....................................................................................................... 7
酢漿草目(Oxalidales) .............................................................................................................. 7
酢漿草科(Oxalidaceae) ...................................................................................................................... 7
錦葵目(Malvales) .................................................................................................................... 7
錦葵科(Malvaceae) ............................................................................................................................ 7
2.2 闊葉型單子葉植物(Broad leaf monocots) .................................................................... 7
澤瀉目(Alismatales) ................................................................................................................ 7
花藺科(Butomaceae).......................................................................................................................... 7
澤瀉科(Alismataceae) ........................................................................................................................ 8
眼子菜科(Potamogetonaceae) ........................................................................................................... 8
天南星科(Araceae) ............................................................................................................................ 8
鴨跖草目(Commelinales) ........................................................................................................ 8
鴨跖草科(Commelinaceae)................................................................................................................ 8
雨久花科(Pontederiaceae) ................................................................................................................. 8
3. 莎草科雜草 (sedge weeds, Cyperaceae) ................................................................................... 8
4. 其他類.......................................................................................................................................... 9
真蕨綱(Pteridopsida) ......................................................................................................................... 9
地衣/ 苔蘚(Lichen and mosses) ........................................................................................................ 9
國內水田、旱田常見重要雜草種類 ..................................................................................... 9
水田常見之雜草種類...................................................................................................................... 9
旱田常見之雜草種類.................................................................................................................... 10
除草劑的分類 ................................................................................................................... 10
接觸性與移行性 ............................................................................................................... 13
除草劑的選擇性 ............................................................................................................... 13
按施用時機的歸類 ............................................................................................................ 14
1. 種植前pre-planting 處理用藥 ................................................................................................ 14
2. 萌前pre-emergence 處理用藥 ................................................................................................ 14
3. 萌後post-emergence 處理用藥 ............................................................................................... 14
按涵蓋區域，除草劑之施用方式 ...................................................................................... 14
1. 帶狀條施(Band application) ................................................................................................... 14
2. 全面撒施(Broadcast application) .......................................................................................... 14
3. 定位噴灑(Directed sprays) ..................................................................................................... 14
4. 點施處理(Spot treatments) ..................................................................................................... 14
5. 頂空施藥(Over-the-top-application) ..................................................................................... 14
早期除草劑的發展 ............................................................................................................ 15
現代有機合成除草劑的發展 ............................................................................................. 15
除草劑噴灑應用準則(Some guidelines for applying herbicides) ....................................... 16
除草劑抗藥性行動委員會(Herbicide Resistance Action Committee, HRAC) ..................... 17
除草劑抗藥性行動委員會按作用部位所作除草劑分類(HRAC Classification of
Herbicides According to Site of Action) ............................................................................ 17
第二章 各論 ............................................................................................. 19
HRAC A (WSSA 1) 脂質生合成作用(Lipid synthesis) 乙醯輔A 羧化(Acetyl CoA carboxylase, ACCase) 抑制劑 .......... 20
脂肪酸生合成過程乙醯輔酶A 羧化酶(ACCase) 的重要性 .................................................... 20
相關藥理與作用機制.................................................................................................................... 22
禾草類選擇性(grass weeds selectivity) ...................................................................................... 23
傷害病徵........................................................................................................................................ 24
芳氧基丙酸類 (Aryloxphenoxy Propionates, Oxyphenoxy Acid Esters) ................................. 24
clodinafop-propargyl 炔草酯 ............................................................................................................ 25
丁基賽伏草cyhalofop-butyl，氰氟草酯 ........................................................................................ 25
diclofop-methyl 禾草靈 .................................................................................................................... 26
芬殺草 fenoxaprop-P-ethyl，精噁唑禾草靈 ................................................................................... 26
伏寄普 fluazifop-P-butyl，精吡氟禾草靈 ....................................................................................... 26
甲基合氯氟 haloxyfop-R-methyl，氟吡甲禾靈 ............................................................................. 27
metamifop 噁唑醯草酯 ..................................................................................................................... 27
普拔草 propaquizafop，喔草酯 ....................................................................................................... 27
快伏草 quizalofop-P-ethyl，喹禾靈 ................................................................................................ 28
quizalofop-P-tefuryl 糖草酯/ 喹禾糠酯 .......................................................................................... 28
環己烯酮類Cyclohexanediones ............................................................................................ 28
亞汰草 alloxydim，禾草滅 .............................................................................................................. 28
butroxydim 丁苯草酮 ....................................................................................................................... 29
剋草同 clethodim，烯草酮 .............................................................................................................. 29
環殺草cycloxydim，噻草酮 ........................................................................................................... 29
profoxydim 環苯草酮 ....................................................................................................................... 30
西殺草 sethoxydim，烯禾定 ........................................................................................................... 30
得殺草 tepraloxydim，吡喃草酮 ..................................................................................................... 30
tralkoxydim 肟草酮 .......................................................................................................................... 31
苯吡唑啉類Phenylpyrazoline‘DEN 類’ ............................................................................... 31
pinoxaden 唑啉草酯 ......................................................................................................................... 31
禾本科除草劑搭配闊葉類除草劑應用之拮抗作用問題............................................................ 31
代謝抗性metabolic resistance .................................................................................................... 32
標靶抗性target site resistance .................................................................................................... 33
環境與毒理方面之考量................................................................................................................ 34
HRAC B (WSSA 2) 支鏈胺基酸生合成(branched chain amino acids synthesis)乙醯乳酸合成酶(ALS/ 乙醯羥酸合成酶AHAS) 抑制劑 ........34
支鏈胺基酸生合成過程乙醯乳酸合成酶(ALS/AHAS) 的重要性 ........................................... 36
相關藥理與作用機制.................................................................................................................... 37
傷害病徵........................................................................................................................................ 39
磺醯尿素類 sulfonylureas ...................................................................................................... 39
免速隆 bensulfuron-methyl，苄嘧磺隆 .......................................................................................... 40
西速隆cinosulfuron，醚磺隆 .......................................................................................................... 41
環磺隆 cyclosulfamuron，環丙嘧磺隆 ........................................................................................... 41
亞速隆 ethoxysulfuron，乙氧嘧磺隆 .............................................................................................. 41
伏速隆 flazasulfuron，啶嘧磺隆 ..................................................................................................... 42
合速隆 halosulfuron-methyl，氯吡嘧磺隆 ..................................................................................... 42
依速隆 imazosulfuron，唑吡嘧磺隆 ............................................................................................... 42
百速隆 pyrazosulfuron-ethyl，吡嘧磺隆 ........................................................................................ 43
orthosulfamuron 嘧苯胺磺隆 ........................................................................................................... 43
amidosulfuron 醯嘧磺隆 ................................................................................................................... 43
azimsulfuron 四唑嘧磺隆 ................................................................................................................. 44
chlorimuron-ethyl 氯嘧磺隆 ............................................................................................................. 44
chlorosulfuron 氯磺隆 ...................................................................................................................... 44
ethametsulfuron-methyl 胺苯磺隆.................................................................................................... 44
flucetosulfuron 氟吡磺隆 .................................................................................................................. 45
flupyrsulfuron-methyl-Na 氟啶嘧磺隆 ............................................................................................. 45
foramsulfuron 甲醯胺磺隆 ............................................................................................................... 45
iodosulfuron 碘磺隆.......................................................................................................................... 46
mesosulfuron-methyl 甲磺胺磺隆 .................................................................................................... 46
metazosulfuron 嗪吡嘧磺隆 ............................................................................................................. 46
metsulfuron-methyl 甲磺隆 .............................................................................................................. 47
nicosulfuron 煙嘧磺隆 ...................................................................................................................... 47
oxasulfuron 環氧嘧磺隆 ................................................................................................................... 47
primisulfuron-methyl 甲基氟嘧磺隆................................................................................................ 48
prosulfuron 氟磺隆 ........................................................................................................................... 48
propyrisulfuron 丙嗪嘧磺隆 ............................................................................................................. 48
rimsulfuron 碸嘧磺隆 ....................................................................................................................... 49
sulfometuron-methyl 甲嘧磺隆 ........................................................................................................ 49
sulfosulfuron 磺醯磺隆 ..................................................................................................................... 49
thifensulfuron-methyl 噻吩磺隆 ....................................................................................................... 50
triasulfuron 醚苯磺隆 ....................................................................................................................... 50
tribenuron-methyl 苯磺隆 ................................................................................................................. 51
trifloxysulfuron 三氟啶磺隆 ............................................................................................................. 51
triflusulfuron-methyl 氟胺磺隆 ........................................................................................................ 51
tritosulfuron 三氟甲磺隆 .................................................................................................................. 52
咪唑啉酮類 Imidazolinones.................................................................................................... 52
依滅草 imazapyr，滅草煙 ............................................................................................................... 52
imazamethabenz-methyl 甲基咪草酯 ............................................................................................... 53
imazamox 甲氧咪草煙 ..................................................................................................................... 53
imazapic 甲咪唑煙酸........................................................................................................................ 53
imazaquin 滅草喹 ............................................................................................................................. 54
imazethapyr 咪唑乙煙酸 .................................................................................................................. 54
三唑嘧啶類 Triazolopyrimidines ............................................................................................ 54
平速爛 penoxsulam，五氟磺草胺 ................................................................................................... 55
cloransulam-methyl 氯酯磺草胺 ...................................................................................................... 55
diclosulam 双氯磺草胺 .................................................................................................................... 55
florasulam 双氟磺草胺 ..................................................................................................................... 56
flumetsulam 唑嘧磺草胺 .................................................................................................................. 56
metosulam 磺草唑胺 ........................................................................................................................ 56
pyroxsulam 甲氧磺草胺 ................................................................................................................... 57
硫代苯甲酸嘧啶類 [Pyrimidinyl (thio) benzoate] .................................................................... 57
bispyribac-Na 双草醚 ....................................................................................................................... 57
pyribenzoxim 嘧啶肟草醚 ................................................................................................................ 57
pyriftalid 環酯草醚 ........................................................................................................................... 58
pyriminobac-methyl 嘧草醚 ............................................................................................................. 58
pyrimisulfan 嘧磺草胺...................................................................................................................... 58
pyrithiobac-Na 嘧草硫醚 .................................................................................................................. 59
磺醯胺基羰基三唑啉酮類 (Sulfonylamino-carbonyl-triazolinone) ........................................... 59
flucarbazone 氟唑磺隆...................................................................................................................... 59
propoxycarbazone-Na 丙苯磺隆 ...................................................................................................... 60
thiencarbazone 噻酮磺隆 .................................................................................................................. 60
硫代苯甲醯胺類(Sulfonanilide) ............................................................................................. 60
triafamone 氟酮磺草胺 ..................................................................................................................... 60
抗藥性............................................................................................................................................ 61
環境與毒理方面之考量................................................................................................................ 61
HRAC C 類 光合作用光系統II (PSII) 電子傳遞作用抑制劑 .............................................. 61
植物光反應系統之結構與功能運作............................................................................................ 61
光系統II 抑制劑 Photosystem II Inhibitors .............................................................................. 64
相關藥理與作用機制.................................................................................................................... 64
傷害病徵........................................................................................................................................ 65
HRAC C1 (WSSA 5).................................................................................................................. 67
三嗪類Triazines..................................................................................................................... 67
草殺淨 ametryn，莠滅淨 ................................................................................................................. 67
草脫淨 atrazine，莠去津 ................................................................................................................. 68
栽培作物的耐受性........................................................................................................................ 69
於環境中的殘留容許規定............................................................................................................ 69
潛在的環境荷爾蒙問題................................................................................................................ 70
氰乃淨 cyanazine，草津淨 .............................................................................................................. 70
desmetryn 敵草淨 ............................................................................................................................. 70
dimethametryn 異戊乙淨 .................................................................................................................. 71
piperophos 哌草磷 ............................................................................................................................ 71
prometon 撲滅通 ............................................................................................................................... 71
佈殺丹prometryn，撲草淨 ............................................................................................................. 71
普拔根 propazine，撲滅津 .............................................................................................................. 71
草滅淨 simazine，西瑪津 ................................................................................................................ 72
simetryn 西草淨 ................................................................................................................................ 72
terbumeton 甲氧去草淨 .................................................................................................................... 72
terbuthylazine 特丁津 ....................................................................................................................... 73
terbutryn 去草淨 ............................................................................................................................... 73
trietazine 草達津 ............................................................................................................................... 73
三嗪酮類 Triazinones ............................................................................................................. 74
菲殺淨 hexazinone，環嗪酮 ............................................................................................................ 74
metamitron 苯嗪草酮........................................................................................................................ 74
滅必淨 metribuzin，嗪草酮 ............................................................................................................. 74
三唑啉酮類Triazolinone ........................................................................................................ 75
amicarbazone 胺唑草酮 .................................................................................................................... 75
尿嘧啶類Uracils .................................................................................................................... 75
克草 bromacil，除草定 .................................................................................................................... 75
lenacil 環草定 ................................................................................................................................... 75
terbacil 特草定 .................................................................................................................................. 76
噠嗪酮類Pyridazinone .......................................................................................................... 76
chloridazon 氯草敏 ........................................................................................................................... 76
氨基甲酸苯酯類Phenyl-carbamates ..................................................................................... 75
desmedipham 異苯敵草 .................................................................................................................... 76
phenmedipham 苯敵草 ..................................................................................................................... 77
HRAC C2 (WSSA 7) ................................................................................................................. 77
尿素類(Ureas) (H2NC=ONH2) ............................................................................................... 77
benzthiazuron 噻草隆/ 苯噻隆 ........................................................................................................ 77
滅落寧 chlorbromuron，氯溴隆 ...................................................................................................... 78
chlorotoluron 綠麥隆 ........................................................................................................................ 78
chloroxuron 枯草隆 .......................................................................................................................... 78
dimefuron 噁唑隆 ............................................................................................................................. 79
達有龍 diuron，敵草隆.................................................................................................................... 80
ethidimuron 磺噻隆 .......................................................................................................................... 80
fenuron 非草隆.................................................................................................................................. 80
可奪草 fluometuron，伏草隆 .......................................................................................................... 80
fluothiuron 氟苯隆 ............................................................................................................................ 81
isoproturon 異丙隆............................................................................................................................ 81
愛速隆 isouron，異惡隆 .................................................................................................................. 81
理有龍 linuron，利谷隆 .................................................................................................................. 81
methabenzthiazuron 甲苯噻隆.......................................................................................................... 82
撲奪草 metobromuron，溴谷隆 ...................................................................................................... 82
metoxuron 甲氧隆 ............................................................................................................................. 82
monolinuron 氯谷隆 ......................................................................................................................... 82
neburon 草不隆 ................................................................................................................................. 83
siduron 環草隆 .................................................................................................................................. 83
得匐隆 tebuthiuron，特丁噻草隆.................................................................................................... 83
醯胺類Amides ...................................................................................................................... 83
pentanochlor 蔬草滅 ......................................................................................................................... 84
除草寧 propanil，敵稗 ..................................................................................................................... 84
HRAC C3 (WSSA 6) 苯並噻二嗪酮類Benzothiadiazinones .................................................. 84
本達隆 bentazon，滅草松................................................................................................................ 84
腈類Nitriles ........................................................................................................................... 85
bromofenoxim 溴酚肟 ...................................................................................................................... 86
bromoxynil 溴苯腈 ........................................................................................................................... 86
ioxynil 碘苯腈 ................................................................................................................................... 86
苯噠嗪類 Phenyl-pyridazine ................................................................................................... 86
必汰草 pyridate，噠草特 ................................................................................................................. 86
抗藥性之發生、作用機制及相關應用研究................................................................................ 87
環境與毒理方面之考量................................................................................................................ 88
HRAC D (WSSA 22) Photosystem-I-electron diversion 光系統I 電子轉向改道 ............... 89
雙砒碇類Bipyridyliums .......................................................................................................... 89
傷害病徵........................................................................................................................................ 89
大刈特 diquat，敵草快 .................................................................................................................... 89
巴拉刈 paraquat，百草枯/ 對草快 ................................................................................................. 90
相關藥理與作用機制.................................................................................................................... 90
抗藥性雜草及已知的抗藥性機制................................................................................................ 92
環境與毒理方面之考量................................................................................................................ 93
巴拉刈的毒性問題 ................................................................................................................................ 93
環境毒性– 對陸地環境(Terrestrial Environment) 之影響 ............................................................. 93
HRAC E (WSSA 14) 原紫質原氧化抑制劑– Inhibition of protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) 光動型殺草劑photodynamic herbicide .........94
相關藥理與作用機制.................................................................................................................... 95
傷害病徵........................................................................................................................................ 98
聯苯醚類Diphenyl ethers ...................................................................................................... 99
亞喜芬 acifluorfen-sodium，三氟羧草醚........................................................................................ 99
必芬諾 bifenox，甲羧除草醚/ 治草醚 ........................................................................................... 99
甲氧基護谷 chlomethoxyfen（日本名稱用-nil），甲氧除草醚 ............................................... 100
ethoxyfen-ethyl 氯氟草醚乙酯 ....................................................................................................... 100
fluoroglycofen-ethyl 乙羧氟草醚 ................................................................................................... 100
fomesafen 氟磺胺草醚 ................................................................................................................... 100
halosafen 氟硝磺醯胺 ..................................................................................................................... 100
lactofen 乳氟禾草靈 ....................................................................................................................... 101
復祿芬oxyfluorfen，乙氧氟草醚 ................................................................................................. 101
苯吡唑類(phenylpyrazole) ................................................................................................... 101
fluazolate 異丙吡草酯 .................................................................................................................... 101
乙基派芬草 pyraflufen-ethyl，吡草醚 .......................................................................................... 102
噁二唑類(oxadiazole) .......................................................................................................... 102
oxadiargyl 丙炔噁草酮 ................................................................................................................... 102
樂滅草oxadiazon，噁草酮............................................................................................................ 102
三唑啉酮類(triazolinone) ..................................................................................................... 103
草芬定 azafenidin，唑啶草酮 ....................................................................................................... 103
bencarbazone 醯苯草酮 .................................................................................................................. 103
乙基克繁草 carfentrazone-ethyl，唑草酮 ..................................................................................... 104
sulfentrazone 甲磺草胺 .................................................................................................................. 104
嘧啶雙酮類(pyrimidindione) ................................................................................................ 104
benzfendizone 雙苯嘧草酮 ............................................................................................................. 104
布芬草 butafenacil，氟丙嘧草酯 .................................................................................................. 104
殺芬草 saflufenacil，苯嘧磺草胺.................................................................................................. 105
殺芬草藥劑的結構設計發展...................................................................................................... 106
苯酞醯亞胺類(N-phenylphthalimide) ................................................................................... 107
cinidon-ethyl 吲哚酮草酯 ............................................................................................................... 107
flumiclorac-pentyl 氟烯草酸 .......................................................................................................... 107
flumioxazin 丙炔氟草胺 ................................................................................................................. 108
噻二唑類Thiadiazole ........................................................................................................... 108
fluthiacet-methyl 嗪草酸甲酯 ......................................................................................................... 108
thidiazimin 噻二唑胺 ...................................................................................................................... 108
噁唑烷二酮類Oxazolidinedione........................................................................................... 108
pentoxazone 環戊噁草酮 ................................................................................................................ 108
其他類 .................................................................................................................................. 109
flufenpyr-ethyl 氟噠嗪草酯 ............................................................................................................ 109
profluazol 氟唑草胺 ........................................................................................................................ 109
pyraclonil 雙唑草腈 ........................................................................................................................ 109
抗藥性及已知的抗藥性機制....................................................................................................... 110
環境與毒理方面之考量............................................................................................................... 110
HRAC F 類胡蘿蔔素生合成抑制劑Carotenoid Biosynthesis Inhibitors – 導致漂白作用 ...110
相關藥理與作用機制................................................................................................................... 112
傷害病徵....................................................................................................................................... 114
F1 (WSSA 12) 抑制八氫番茄紅素脫氫酶(PDS) 活性及類胡蘿蔔素生合成作用 ...................... 114
噠嗪酮類Pyridazinones ...................................................................................................... 115
norflurazon 氟草敏.......................................................................................................................... 115
吡啶醯胺類 .......................................................................................................................... 115
diflufenican 吡氟醯草胺 ................................................................................................................. 115
picolinafen 氟吡醯草胺 .................................................................................................................. 116
其他類 .................................................................................................................................. 116
beflubutamid 氟丁醯草胺 ............................................................................................................... 116
fluridone 氟啶草酮.......................................................................................................................... 116
flurochloridone 氟咯草酮 ............................................................................................................... 117
flurtamone 呋草酮 ........................................................................................................................... 117
F2 (WSSA 27) 抑制4-羥基苯丙酮酸雙加氧酶 (4-HPPD) 活性及進一步類胡蘿蔔素生合成作用 ............................117
HPPD 抑制性除草劑簡要發展歷程 ........................................................................................... 119
三酮類Triketone .................................................................................................................. 120
mesotrione 硝磺草酮 ...................................................................................................................... 120
sulcotrione 磺草酮 .......................................................................................................................... 120
tefuryltrione 特糠酯酮 .................................................................................................................... 121
tembotrione 環磺酮 ......................................................................................................................... 121
異噁唑類Isoxazole .............................................................................................................. 122
isoxachlortole 異噁氯草酮 ............................................................................................................. 122
isoxaflutole 異噁唑草酮 ................................................................................................................. 122
HPPD 抑制劑除草劑抗性轉基因作物之發展應用 .................................................................. 123
pyrasulfotole 磺醯草吡唑 ............................................................................................................... 124
吡唑類Pyrazoles ................................................................................................................. 125
benzofenap 吡草酮.......................................................................................................................... 125
pyrazolynate 吡唑特 ....................................................................................................................... 125
普芬草pyrazoxyfen，苄草唑 ........................................................................................................ 125
苯甲醯吡唑類 Benzoylpyrazole ............................................................................................ 125
tolpyralate ........................................................................................................................................ 125
其他類 ................................................................................................................................. 126
benzobicyclon 雙環磺草酮 ............................................................................................................. 126
bicyclopyrone 氟吡草酮 ................................................................................................................. 126
topramezone 苯唑草酮 ................................................................................................................... 127
F3 (WSSA 11) 抑制類胡蘿蔔素生合成作用– 標靶未知 ........................................................... 127
尿素類Urea ......................................................................................................................... 127
可奪草 fluometuron，伏草隆/ 氟草隆 ......................................................................................... 127
三唑類 Triazoles ................................................................................................................... 127
amitrole 殺草強 ............................................................................................................................... 127
聯苯醚類 Diphenylethers ..................................................................................................... 128
aclonifen 苯草醚 ............................................................................................................................. 128
F4 (WSSA 13) 抑制DOXP 生合成酶活性及進一步類胡蘿蔔素生合成作用 ............................. 128
可滅蹤clomazone，異噁草酮 ....................................................................................................... 130
HRAC G (WSSA 9) 內烯醇丙酮基莽草素磷酸合成抑制劑 [5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) Synthase Inhibitors] ...................130
相關藥理與作用機制.................................................................................................................. 131
傷害病徵...................................................................................................................................... 132
甘胺酸類Glycine ................................................................................................................. 132
嘉磷塞glyphosate，草甘膦 ........................................................................................................... 132
嘉磷塞耐受性(glyphosate tolerant) 轉基因作物之製作與應用 ............................................ 133
抗藥性問題.................................................................................................................................. 134
HRAC H (WSSA 10) 抑制麩醯胺生合成Inhibition of glutamine synthetase (GS) ...... 135
相關藥理與作用機制.................................................................................................................. 135
固殺草glufosinate-ammonium，草銨膦 ....................................................................................... 137
固殺草之毒性.............................................................................................................................. 137
抗固殺草轉基因作物之製作與應用.......................................................................................... 137
HRAC I (WSSA 18) 二氫蝶酸合成抑制劑Inhibition of DHP (dihydropteroate) synthase ..........................................................................138
相關藥理與作用機制.................................................................................................................. 138
亞速爛asulam，磺草靈 ................................................................................................................. 140
HRAC K 細胞有絲分裂抑制劑 ...................................................................................... 140
HRAC K1 (WSSA 3) 抑制細胞有絲分裂微管組合Inhibition of microtubule assembly ...... 140
相關藥理與作用機制.................................................................................................................. 141
傷害病徵...................................................................................................................................... 141
二硝基苯胺類Dinitroanilines .............................................................................................. 142
倍尼芬 benefin/benfluralin，氟草胺 .............................................................................................. 142
比達寧 butralin，仲丁靈（又名止芽素）.................................................................................... 142
撻乃安 dinitramine，敵樂胺.......................................................................................................... 143
ethalfluralin 乙丁烯氟靈 ................................................................................................................. 143
歐拉靈 oryzalin，安磺靈 ............................................................................................................... 143
施得圃 pendimethalin，二甲戊靈 ................................................................................................. 143
三福林 trifluralin，氟樂靈 ............................................................................................................. 144
磷醯胺酯類 Phosphoroamidate ........................................................................................... 144
amiprofos-methyl 甲基胺草磷 ....................................................................................................... 144
butamifos 丁胺磷、抑草磷、草胺磷 ............................................................................................ 144
吡啶類Pyridine .................................................................................................................... 145
汰硫草 dithiopyr，氟硫草定 ......................................................................................................... 145
thiazopyr 噻草啶 ............................................................................................................................. 145
苯醯胺類 Benzamide ........................................................................................................... 145
propyzamide (= pronamide) 炔苯醯草胺、戊炔草胺 ................................................................... 145
tebutam 牧草胺 ............................................................................................................................... 146
苯甲酸類Benzoic acids ....................................................................................................... 146
大克草DCPA, chlorothal-dimethyl，敵草索 ................................................................................ 146
K2 (WSSA 23) 抑制細胞有絲分裂微管機化Inhibition of microtubule organization .......... 146
氨基甲酸鹽類Carbamates .................................................................................................. 147
carbetamide 卡草胺 ........................................................................................................................ 147
chlorpropham 氯苯胺靈.................................................................................................................. 147
propham 苯胺靈 .............................................................................................................................. 147
K3 (WSSA 15) 抑制超長鏈脂肪酸生合成及細胞分裂 (Inhibition of cell division, inhibition of VLCFAs) .................................148
超長鏈脂肪酸的生合成作用與重要性...................................................................................... 148
氯乙醯胺類Chloroacetamides（原歸屬乙醯苯胺 acetanilides） ........................................ 149
相關藥理與作用機制.................................................................................................................. 150
傷害病徵...................................................................................................................................... 150
抗藥性 Resistance ...................................................................................................................... 151
acetochlor 乙草胺 ........................................................................................................................... 151
拉草 alachlor，甲草胺 ................................................................................................................... 152
拉草大量使用可能造成的潛在風險....................................................................................... 152
丁基拉草 butachlor，丁草胺 ......................................................................................................... 153
dimethachlor 二甲草胺 ................................................................................................................... 153
汰草滅 dimethenamid，二甲噻草胺 ............................................................................................. 153
滅草胺 metazachlor，吡草胺 ........................................................................................................ 154
莫多草 metolachlor，異丙甲草胺 ................................................................................................. 154
pethoxamid 烯草胺 ......................................................................................................................... 155
普拉草 pretilachlor，丙草胺.......................................................................................................... 155
雷蒙得 propachlor，毒草胺 ........................................................................................................... 155
propisochlor 異丙草胺 .................................................................................................................... 156
欣克草thenylchlor，噻吩草胺 ...................................................................................................... 156
乙醯胺類 Acetamide ............................................................................................................ 156
大芬滅diphenamid，雙苯醯草胺 ................................................................................................. 156
萘普草naproanilide，萘丙胺 ........................................................................................................ 157
滅落脫napropamide，敵草胺 ....................................................................................................... 157
氧乙醯胺類 Oxyacetamide................................................................................................... 158
flufenacet 氟噻草胺 ........................................................................................................................ 158
滅芬草 mefenacet，苯噻醯草胺.................................................................................................... 158
醯胺類除草劑的多元作用機制與用途...................................................................................... 158
四唑啉酮類Tetrazolinone .................................................................................................... 159
fentrazamide 四唑醯草胺 ............................................................................................................... 159
ipfencarbazone 三唑醯草胺 ............................................................................................................ 159
異噁唑啉類 Isoxazoline ........................................................................................................ 160
fenoxasulfone .................................................................................................................................. 160
pyroxasulfone 碸吡草唑 ................................................................................................................. 160
其他類 .................................................................................................................................. 161
anilofos 莎稗磷 ............................................................................................................................... 161
cafenstrole 唑草胺 .......................................................................................................................... 161
piperophos 哌草磷 .......................................................................................................................... 161
HRAC L (WSSA 20, 21, 26, 29) 細胞壁纖維素生合成抑制劑 Cell Wall (Cellulose) Synthesis Inhibitors ..........................162
相關藥理與作用機制.................................................................................................................. 162
傷害病徵...................................................................................................................................... 163
WSSA 20 ................................................................................................................................. 163
腈類(Nitriles，formerly benzonitriles) ................................................................................. 163
二氯苯腈dichlobenil，敵草腈 ...................................................................................................... 163
chlorthiamid 氯硫醯草胺................................................................................................................ 163
WSSA 21 ................................................................................................................................. 164
苯醯胺類Benzamide ........................................................................................................... 164
isoxaben 異噁醯草胺 ...................................................................................................................... 164
三唑甲醯胺類Triazolecarboxamide ..................................................................................... 164
flupoxam 氟胺草唑 ......................................................................................................................... 164
WSSA 26 ................................................................................................................................. 165
喹啉羧酸類 Quinoline Carboxylic Acids ............................................................................... 165
快克草 quinclorac，二氯喹啉酸 ................................................................................................... 165
作用機制...................................................................................................................................... 165
WSSA 29 ................................................................................................................................. 165
烷基嗪類Alkylazines ............................................................................................................... 165
indaziflam 茚嗪氟草胺 ................................................................................................................... 165
triaziflam 三嗪氟草胺 ..................................................................................................................... 167
HRAC M (WSSA 24) 解偶聯劑 Uncoupling agent ........................................................ 167
達諾殺 dinoseb，地樂酚................................................................................................................ 168
dinoterb 特樂酚 ............................................................................................................................... 168
二硝基鄰甲酚 DNOC, dinitro-ortho-cresol，二硝甲酚 ............................................................... 168
相關藥理、作用機制與抗藥性.................................................................................................. 169
HRAC N (WSSA 8, 26) 抑制脂質生合成，然並非抑制ACCase 活性Lipid Synthesis Inhibitors (not ACCase Inhibition) ....................169
重要藥劑作用特性...................................................................................................................... 169
傷害病徵...................................................................................................................................... 170
WSSA 8 .................................................................................................................................. 170
硫代胺基甲酸鹽Thiocarbamates ......................................................................................... 170
抗藥性問題.................................................................................................................................. 171
拔敵草 butylate，丁草特/ 蘇達滅 ................................................................................................ 171
cycloate 環草特/ 草滅特................................................................................................................ 171
dimepiperate 哌草丹 ....................................................................................................................... 172
EPTC 撲草滅 .................................................................................................................................. 172
esprocarb 禾草畏 ............................................................................................................................ 172
稻得壯 molinate，草達滅 .............................................................................................................. 172
orbencarb 坪草丹 ............................................................................................................................ 173
克草猛 pebulate，克草敵 .............................................................................................................. 173
prosulfocarb 節草丹 ........................................................................................................................ 173
殺丹thiobencarb，禾草丹 ............................................................................................................. 173
tiocarbazil 仲草丹 ........................................................................................................................... 174
triallate 野麥畏 ................................................................................................................................ 174
萬隆 vernolate，滅草猛 ................................................................................................................. 174
二硫代磷酸酯類(phosphorodithioate) ................................................................................. 175
bensulide 地散磷 ............................................................................................................................. 175
苯並呋喃類benzofuran ........................................................................................................ 175
benfuresate 呋草磺.......................................................................................................................... 175
益覆滅ethofumesate，乙呋草磺 ................................................................................................... 176
WSSA 26 ................................................................................................................................. 176
氯甲酸類(Chlorocarbonic acid) ........................................................................................... 176
得拉本dalapon，茅草枯 ............................................................................................................... 176
氟丙酸flupropanate，四氟丙酸 .................................................................................................... 176
克乃達TCA-sodium，三氯乙酸鈉 ............................................................................................... 177
HRAC O (WSSA 4) 合成生長素賀爾蒙型除草劑–類似IAA 合成生長素之作用Action like indole acetic acid (synthetic auxins) ...................177
相關藥理與作用機制.................................................................................................................. 177
傷害病徵...................................................................................................................................... 179
苯氧羧酸類 phenoxy-carboxylic-acid ................................................................................... 180
二, 四- 地 2,4-D，2,4-滴 ............................................................................................................. 181
抗2,4-D 轉基因作物之發展應用 .................................................................................................. 182
合成生長素類除草劑時代之再起 The Resurgence of Auxin Herbicides .............................. 183
轉基因作物應用後衍生之除草劑抗藥性問題與管理(Herbicide Resistance and Management) ... 184
克普草clomeprop，稗草胺 ........................................................................................................... 185
脫禾草MCPA，2-甲基-4-氯苯氧乙酸 ........................................................................................ 185
加撲草 MCPB-ethyl，2-甲基-4-氯基苯氧丁酸 ........................................................................... 185
2,4-DB 2,4-滴丁酯 ......................................................................................................................... 186
dichlorprop (= 2,4-DP) 2,4-滴丙酸 ............................................................................................... 186
mecoprop (= MCPP = CMPP) 2-甲-4-氯丙酸 ............................................................................... 186
橙劑(Agent Orange) 事件 ......................................................................................................... 187
Benzoic Acids 苯甲酸類（安息香酸、芳香脂肪酸） ........................................................... 187
克爛本chloramben，草滅平 ......................................................................................................... 187
汰克草 dicamba，麥草畏 .............................................................................................................. 188
汰克草耐受性轉基因作物(Genetically modified crops) 之發展應用 ................................... 188
替拔草 2,3,6-TBA，草芽平 ........................................................................................................... 189
吡啶甲酸類（Picolinic Acids，又稱Pyridinoxy 吡啶氧酸） ................................................. 190
畢克草clopyralid，二氯吡啶酸 .................................................................................................... 190
氟氯比fluroxypyr，氯氟吡氧乙酸 ............................................................................................... 190
畢克爛 picloram，氨氯吡啶酸 ...................................................................................................... 190
三氯比triclopyr，三氯吡氧乙酸 .................................................................................................. 191
芳香基吡啶甲酸類 arylpicolinate .......................................................................................... 191
florpyrauxifen-benzyl ester 氯氟吡啶酯 ......................................................................................... 191
halauxifen 氟氯吡啶酯 ................................................................................................................... 192
喹啉羧酸類 Quinoline Carboxylic Acids ............................................................................... 193
快克草quinclorac，二氯喹啉酸 ................................................................................................... 193
quinmerac 喹草酸 ........................................................................................................................... 193
其他類 Others ...................................................................................................................... 193
benazolin-ethyl 草除靈 ................................................................................................................... 193
HRAC P (WSSA 19) 阻遏(block) IAA 之輸送作用 ....................................................... 194
相關藥理與作用機制.................................................................................................................. 194
鄰苯醯胺縮胺脲類(Phthalamate semicarbazone) ............................................................... 195
diflufenzopyr-Na 氟吡草腙............................................................................................................. 195
鈉得爛 naptalam，抑草生 ............................................................................................................. 195
HRAC Z (WSSA 17, 25, 26, 27) 作用機制未知類 (Unknown Mode of Action) ............... 195
芳胺基丙酸類(Arylaminopropionic acid) ............................................................................. 196
flamprop-M 麥草伏-M .................................................................................................................... 196
吡唑鎓類Pyrazolium ....................................................................................................................... 197
difenzoquat 野燕枯 ......................................................................................................................... 197
有機砷類Organoarsenical ................................................................................................... 197
甲基砷酸鈉 (MSMA, monosodium methanearsonate) .................................................................. 197
其他類Others ..................................................................................................................... 197
bromobutide 溴丁醯草胺................................................................................................................ 197
chloroflurenol-methyl 氯甲丹/ 整形素 .......................................................................................... 198
cinmethylin 環庚草醚 ..................................................................................................................... 198
cumyluron 苄草隆 ........................................................................................................................... 198
cyclopyrimorate ............................................................................................................................... 198
汰草龍 daimuron，又名dymron 殺草隆 ...................................................................................... 199
methyl-dymron (methyl-dimuron) 甲基殺草隆 ............................................................................. 200
邁隆 dazomet，棉隆 ...................................................................................................................... 200
斯美地 metam，威百畝 ................................................................................................................. 200
相關藥理/ 作用機制與抗藥性 .................................................................................................. 200
環境與毒理方面之考量.............................................................................................................. 201
endothal 草藻滅 .............................................................................................................................. 201
etobenzanid 乙氧苯草胺 ................................................................................................................. 201
flurenol-methyl ester 芴丁酯........................................................................................................... 201
fosamine 殺木膦 ............................................................................................................................. 202
indanofan 茚草酮 ............................................................................................................................ 202
oleic acid 油酸- 脂肪酸 ................................................................................................................. 202
oxaziclomefone 噁嗪草酮 .............................................................................................................. 203
pelargonic acid 壬酸(nonanoic acid)，又稱天竺葵酸(pelargonic acid) ..................................... 203
pyributicarb 稗草畏 ........................................................................................................................ 204
除草劑安全劑Herbicide Safeners ............................................................................................ 204
重要性及相關藥理...................................................................................................................... 205
除草劑安全劑種類(Herbicide Safeners) 與應用性 ................................................................ 206
benoxacor 解草酮 ........................................................................................................................... 207
cloquintocet-mexyl 解毒喹 ............................................................................................................. 207
cyometrinil 解草胺腈...................................................................................................................... 208
cyprosulfamide 環丙磺醯胺 ........................................................................................................... 208
dichlormid 二氯丙烯胺 .................................................................................................................. 208
dicyclonon 二環酮 .......................................................................................................................... 209
dietholate 增效磷 ............................................................................................................................ 209
fenchlorazole-ethyl 解草唑乙酯 ..................................................................................................... 209
fenclorim 解草啶 ............................................................................................................................ 210
flurazole 解草安 .............................................................................................................................. 210
fluxofenim 氟草肟/ 肟草安 ........................................................................................................... 210
furilazole 解草噁唑 ......................................................................................................................... 210
isoxadifen-ethyl 雙苯噁唑酸 .......................................................................................................... 211
mefenpyr-diethyl 吡唑解草酯 ........................................................................................................ 211
萘二甲酸酐 naphthalic anhydride (NA) ......................................................................................... 211
oxabetrinil 解草腈 ........................................................................................................................... 211
第三章 除草劑抗藥性與管理 ................................................................. 213
抗藥性管理的重要性 ...................................................................................................... 213
除草劑抗藥性的演化發展 ............................................................................................... 214
抗藥性的作用機制 .......................................................................................................... 215
交互抗性(cross resistance) 與多重抗性(multiple resistance) ........................................ 215
重要除草劑抗藥性發生概況 ........................................................................................... 216
ALS 抑制劑抗藥性 ..................................................................................................................... 216
三嗪類PSII 抑制劑抗藥性 ........................................................................................................ 216
ACCase 抑制劑抗藥性 ............................................................................................................... 217
合成生長素類抗藥性.................................................................................................................. 217
嘉磷塞抗藥性.............................................................................................................................. 218
其他除草劑抗藥性...................................................................................................................... 219
台灣的除草劑抗藥性問題.......................................................................................................... 219
除草劑抗藥性管理(Herbicide Resistance Management) ...................................................... 220
雜草綜合管理(IWM) ................................................................................................................ 220
雜草生物防治.............................................................................................................................. 221
生物除草劑(bioherbicides) ............................................................................................ 222
源自植物成分之產品.................................................................................................................. 222
植食性昆蟲的發展應用.............................................................................................................. 222
微生物除草劑(microbial herbicides) ....................................................................................... 222
真菌性除草劑(Mycoherbicides) ............................................................................................... 223
疫霉屬(Phytophthora).............................................................................................................. 223
柄銹菌屬(Puccinia ) ............................................................................................................. 224
木材腐朽菌(Wood rotting fungi) .......................................................................................... 225
炭疽刺盤孢菌屬(Colletotrichum ) ......................................................................................... 225
鏈格孢屬(Alternaria ) ........................................................................................................... 226
莖點黴屬(Phoma) / 擬莖點黴屬(Phomopsis) ..................................................................... 227
核盤菌屬(Sclerotinia ) .......................................................................................................... 227
細菌性除草劑(Bacteria herbicides) ......................................................................................... 227
鏈黴菌屬(Streptomyces ) ..................................................................................................... 227
黃單胞菌屬(Xanthomonas) ................................................................................................. 228
乳桿菌屬(Lactobacillus ) ...................................................................................................... 228
市場現況/ 問題及未來發展展望 ..................................................................................... 228
參考書目 ................................................................................................ 231
附錄 ....................................................................................................... 235
索引(Index) ........................................................................................... 257 |
